A intervenção "Ensino do cuidado com os pés" para pessoas com diabetes: ensaio clínico randomizado

Introdução: pessoas com diabetes possuem risco aumentado para o desenvolvimento de morbidades nos membros inferiores, o que está relacionado a amputações. Objetivo: analisar o efeito da intervenção "Ensino do Cuidado com os Pés", realizada por meio de visitas domiciliares, na integridade tissular, no conhecimento sobre as atividades de autocuidado e na intenção de cuidar dos pés. Método: ensaio clínico paralelo, de mascaramento único e randomizado com taxa de alocação de 1:1, desenvolvido com pessoas com Diabetes tipo 2. O desfecho primário está relacionado a avaliação da integridade tissular e o secundário, ao conhecimento sobre as atividades de autocuidado e à intenção em realizar cuidados com os pés. Resultados: Participaram do estudo 72 pessoas, divididas em grupo controle e tratado. O grupo controle apresentou diferença significativa (p=<0,05) nos indicadores de pele e anexo, circulação, sensibilidade, conhecimento e intenção de cuidar dos pés. Conclusão: "Ensino do Cuidado com os Pés" é uma estratégia que pode influenciar os indicadores de comprometimento dos pés. nº 20376013.2.0000.5142

Education in Diabetes Mellitus for blood glucose self-monitoring: a quasi-experimental study / Educación en Diabetes Mellitus para automonitorización de la glucemia: estudio cuasi-experimental / Educação em Diabetes Mellitus para automonitorização da glicemia: estudo quase-experimental

ABSTRACT Objective: to evaluate the contributions of an educational program for capillary blood glucose self-monitoring. Method: a quasi-experimental study performed in an outpatient unit of a tertiary health care service in a sample of 25 people with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, from July 2016 to December 2017, developed through interactive tools for care with capillary blood glucose self-monitoring. Results: among the items of capillary blood glucose self-monitoring that showed improvement after participation in the educational program, the most noteworthy are the "postprandial blood glucose values" (p=0.0039), "Interpretation of capillary blood glucose results with meals and medications" (p=0.0156), "recognition of the 'weakness' symptom for hyperglycemia" (p=0.0386) and "administration of medications correctly" for hyperglycemia prevention (p=0.0063). Conclusion: the study made it possible to recognize the main characteristics of blood glucose self-monitoring that may contribute to the care for the person with diabetes.

RESUMEN Objetivo: evaluar las contribuciones de un programa educativo para la automonitorización de la glucemia capilar. Método: el estudio cuasi-experimental, realizado en unidad ambulatoria de un servicio de atención terciaria a la salud, en muestra de 25 personas con Diabetes Mellitus tipo 2, en el período de julio de 2016 a diciembre de 2017, desarrollado por medio de herramientas interactivas para el cuidado con la automonitorización de la glucemia capilar. Resultados: entre los ítems de la automonitorización de la glucemia capilar que presentaron mejoría después de la participación en el programa educativo, se destacan los "valores de la glucemia postprandial" (p=0,0039), "Interpretación de los resultados de glucemia capilar con las comidas y medicamentos" (p=0,0156), "reconocimiento del síntoma" debilidad "para la hiperglicemia" (p=0,0386) y "administración de medicamentos correctamente" para prevenir la hiperglucemia (p=0,0063). Conclusión: el estudio posibilitó reconocer las principales características de la automonitorización de la glucemia que pueden contribuir para el cuidado a la persona portadora de la enfermedad.

RESUMO Objetivo: avaliar as contribuições de um programa educativo para a automonitorização da glicemia capilar. Método: estudo quase-experimental, realizado em unidade ambulatorial de um serviço de atenção terciária à saúde, em amostra de 25 pessoas com Diabetes Mellitus tipo 2, no período de julho de 2016 a dezembro de 2017, desenvolvido por meio de ferramentas interativas para o cuidado com a automonitorização da glicemia capilar. Resultados: entre os itens da automonitorização da glicemia capilar que apresentaram melhora após a participação no programa educativo, destacam-se os "valores da glicemia pós-prandial" (p=0,0039), "interpretação dos resultados de glicemia capilar com as refeições e medicamentos" (p=0,0156), "reconhecimento do sintoma 'fraqueza' para a hiperglicemia" (p=0,0386) e "administração de medicamentos corretamente" para prevenção da hiperglicemia (p=0,0063). Conclusão: o estudo possibilitou reconhecer as principais características da automonitorização da glicemia que poderão contribuir para o cuidado à pessoa portadora da doença.

Education in Diabetes Mellitus for blood glucose self-monitoring: a quasi-experimental study.

OBJECTIVE: to evaluate the contributions of an educational program for capillary blood glucose self-monitoring. METHOD: a quasi-experimental study performed in an outpatient unit of a tertiary health care service in a sample of 25 people with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, from July 2016 to December 2017, developed through interactive tools for care with capillary blood glucose self-monitoring. RESULTS: among the items of capillary blood glucose self-monitoring that showed improvement after participation in the educational program, the most noteworthy are the "postprandial blood glucose values" (p=0.0039), "Interpretation of capillary blood glucose results with meals and medications" (p=0.0156), "recognition of the 'weakness' symptom for hyperglycemia" (p=0.0386) and "administration of medications correctly" for hyperglycemia prevention (p=0.0063). CONCLUSION: the study made it possible to recognize the main characteristics of blood glucose self-monitoring that may contribute to the care for the person with diabetes.

Quality of life of people with diabetes mellitus.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the quality of life of people with type 2 diabetes mellitus in the three levels of the healthcare system. METHOD: A quantitative, cross-sectional and descriptive study carried out in primary, secondary and tertiary healthcare units with individuals in outpatient care. The validated Diabetes-39 instrument was used to evaluate quality of life. RESULTS: The sample consisted of 53 people. There was a decreasing tendency in the quality of life impairment from the primary to the tertiary care levels. In the total sample, there were differences between domains of quality of life with the variables gender, insulin use and occupation, greater perception of quality of life impairment and disease severity in people with higher rates of glycated hemoglobin. CONCLUSION: Quality of life tends to worse as the disease worsens. The results suggest that quality of life is related to sociodemographic and clinical variables, therefore, these should be considered in the care.

Quality of life of people with diabetes mellitus / Calidad de vida de las personas con diabetes mellitus / Qualidade de vida das pessoas com diabetes mellitus

ABSTRACT Objective: To analyze the quality of life of people with type 2 diabetes mellitus in the three levels of the healthcare system. Method: A quantitative, cross-sectional and descriptive study carried out in primary, secondary and tertiary healthcare units with individuals in outpatient care. The validated Diabetes-39 instrument was used to evaluate quality of life. Results: The sample consisted of 53 people. There was a decreasing tendency in the quality of life impairment from the primary to the tertiary care levels. In the total sample, there were differences between domains of quality of life with the variables gender, insulin use and occupation, greater perception of quality of life impairment and disease severity in people with higher rates of glycated hemoglobin. Conclusion: Quality of life tends to worse as the disease worsens. The results suggest that quality of life is related to sociodemographic and clinical variables, therefore, these should be considered in the care.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Analizar la calidad de vida de personas con diabetes mellitus tipo 2, en los tres niveles de atención sanitaria. Método: Estudio cuantitativo, transversal y descriptivo, realizado en unidades de atención primaria, secundaria y terciaria de salud con personas en atención ambulatoria. Se utilizó el instrumento validado Diabetes-39 para evaluar la calidad de vida. Resultados: La muestra estuvo constituida de 53 personas. Se observó tendencia creciente en el compromiso de la calidad de vida del nivel de atención primaria a terciaria. En la muestra total, hubo diferencias entre dominios de la calidad de vida con las variables sexo, uso de insulina y ocupación, mayor decepción del compromiso con la calidad de vida y severidad de la enfermedad en la personas con mayores tasas de hemoglobina glicada. Conclusión: La calidad de vida tiende a empeorar a medida que se agrava la enfermedad. Los resultados sugieren que la calidad de vida se relaciona con la variables sociodemográficas y clínicas, por lo tanto, esas deben considerarse en el cuidado.

RESUMO Objetivo: Analisar a qualidade de vida de pessoas com diabetes mellitus tipo 2, nos três níveis de atenção à saúde. Método: Estudo quantitativo, transversal e descritivo, realizado em unidades de atenção primária, secundária e terciária à saúde com pessoas em atendimento ambulatorial. Utilizou-se do instrumento validado Diabetes-39 para avaliar a qualidade de vida. Resultados: A amostra foi constituída por 53 pessoas. Observou-se tendência crescente no comprometimento da qualidade de vida do nível de atenção primária a terciária. Na amostra total, houve diferenças entre domínios da qualidade de vida com as variáveis sexo, uso de insulina e ocupação, maior percepção do comprometimento da qualidade de vida e gravidade da doença nas pessoas com maiores taxas de hemoglobina glicada. Conclusão: A qualidade de vida tende a piorar à medida que a doença se agrava. Os resultados sugerem que a qualidade de vida se relaciona com as variáveis sociodemográficas e clínicas, portanto, essas devem ser consideradas no cuidado.

Evaluation of the effects of a diabetes educational program: a randomized clinical trial.

OBJECTIVE: Evaluate the effectiveness of a diabetes mellitus educational program in primary health care. METHODS: This cluster randomized trial was conducted in a sample of 470 people with type 2 diabetes mellitus from eight health units, randomly assigned to two groups: intervention (n = 231) and control (n = 239). The intervention group participated in the educational program composed of three strategies: group education, home visit, and telephone intervention. Simultaneously, the control group was monitored individually. Group monitoring took place over nine months in the year 2012. Clinical evaluations were performed at the initial time (T0), three (T3), six (T6) and nine (T9) months after the beginning of the intervention. RESULTS: After nine months of follow-up, 341 users remained in the study, 171 in the control group and 170 in the intervention group. The average age of users was 60.6 years. In both groups, statistically significant differences were observed in mean HbA1c levels over the follow-up time (p < 0.05). However, the mean HbA1c level at T3, T6 and T9 times were significantly lower among the people in the intervention group (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The educational program model developed was effective to improve the glycemic control of the intervention group participants.

Evaluation of the effects of a diabetes educational program: a randomized clinical trial / Avaliação dos efeitos de um programa educativo em diabetes: ensaio clínico randomizado

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE Evaluate the effectiveness of a diabetes mellitus educational program in primary health care. METHODS This cluster randomized trial was conducted in a sample of 470 people with type 2 diabetes mellitus from eight health units, randomly assigned to two groups: intervention (n = 231) and control (n = 239). The intervention group participated in the educational program composed of three strategies: group education, home visit, and telephone intervention. Simultaneously, the control group was monitored individually. Group monitoring took place over nine months in the year 2012. Clinical evaluations were performed at the initial time (T0), three (T3), six (T6) and nine (T9) months after the beginning of the intervention. RESULTS After nine months of follow-up, 341 users remained in the study, 171 in the control group and 170 in the intervention group. The average age of users was 60.6 years. In both groups, statistically significant differences were observed in mean HbA1c levels over the follow-up time (p < 0.05). However, the mean HbA1c level at T3, T6 and T9 times were significantly lower among the people in the intervention group (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The educational program model developed was effective to improve the glycemic control of the intervention group participants.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Avaliar a efetividade do programa educativo em diabetes mellitus na atenção primária à saúde. MÉTODOS Este ensaio clínico randomizado por conglomerados foi realizado em amostra de 470 pessoas com diabetes mellitus tipo 2, provenientes de oito unidades de saúde, alocadas aleatoriamente em dois grupos: intervenção (n = 231) e controle (n = 239). O grupo intervenção participou do programa educativo composto de três estratégias: educação em grupo, visita domiciliar e intervenção telefônica. Simultaneamente, o grupo controle foi acompanhado individualmente. O acompanhamento dos grupos ocorreu ao longo de nove meses no ano de 2012. Foram realizadas avaliações clínicas no tempo inicial (T0), três (T3), seis (T6) e nove (T9) meses depois do início da intervenção. RESULTADOS Após nove meses de seguimento, permaneceram no estudo 341 usuários, 171 no grupo controle e 170 no grupo intervenção. A média de idade dos usuários era de 60,6 anos. Em ambos os grupos, observou-se diferenças estatisticamente significativas nos níveis médios de HbA1c ao longo do tempo de acompanhamento (p < 0,05). Porém, o nível médio de HbA1c nos tempos T3, T6 e T9 foi significativamente menor entre as pessoas do grupo intervenção (p < 0,05). CONCLUSÕES O modelo do programa educativo desenvolvido foi efetivo para a melhora do controle glicêmico dos participantes do grupo intervenção.

Conhecimento e atividades de autocuidado de pessoas com diabetes mellitus submetidas a apoio telefônico / Self-care knowledge and activities of people with diabetes mellitus submitted to telephone support

Estudo quase-experimental que analisou o conhecimento em diabetes e atividades de autocuidado de pessoas com diabetes mellitus e suas relações com as variáveis sociodemográficas e de controle glicêmico de pessoas com a doença, após participarem de um programa de apoio telefônico. A amostra foi constituída por 48 pessoas, entrevistadas por meio dos instrumentos Diabetes Knowledge Questionnaire e Questionário de Atividades de Autocuidado com o diabetes. Utilizou-se análise descritiva, com os testes Qui-Quadrado e Exato de Fisher. Verificou-se bom conhecimento antes e após a intervenção, e relação desta variável com a hemoglobina glicada após a intervenção. As atividades de autocuidado que apresentaram as maiores médias foram a alimentação, monitorização da glicemia, cuidado com os pés e uso de medicamentos. Os achados podem ser utilizados nas intervenções educativas, e o apoio telefônico tem se mostrado uma ferramenta que poderá auxiliar as equipes de saúde na atenção a pessoa com diabetes mellitus.

A quasi-experimental study that analyzed diabetes knowledge and self-care activities of people with diabetes mellitus and, their relationships with sociodemographic variables and glucose control after participating in a telephone support program. Forty-eight people constituted the sample, and they were interviewed using the tools Diabetes Knowledge Questionnaire and the Brazilian version of the Summary of Diabetes Self-Care Activities Questionnaire. We used descriptive analysis, with the Chi-Square and Fisher's Exact tests. We verified good knowledge before and after the intervention and, the relationship of this variable with the glycated hemoglobin post-intervention. Self-care activities presenting higher means were eating, glucose monitoring, feet care and, use of medications. The findings can be useful for educational interventions, and telephonic support has been shown as a tool that can help health teams in the attention to the person with diabetes mellitus.

Effects of supportive telephone counseling in the metabolic control of elderly people with diabetes mellitus.

Objective: the purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of telephone-based support for the metabolic control of elderly patients with diabetes mellitus. Method: a pragmatic study was conducted in two groups, called G1 (n=36) and G2 (n=27), at a health unit from the countryside of São Paulo state. Patients in G1 group received telephone support over four months, through 16 telephone contacts with educational material; for the G2 group the educational material was mailed. Results: significant differences were found. The G1 group showed a reduction of the parameters of fasting glucose, as well as systolic and diastolic blood pressure. In G2 group a modest reduction was noted in some parameters, with no significant difference. Conclusion: telephone support was effective to deliver patient education to the diabetic elderly, leading to the reduction of fasting blood glucose. This, combined with other strategies, can contribute to reduce glycated hemoglobin (NCT 01972412).

Objetivo: avaliar a efetividade do suporte telefônico no controle metabólico de idosos com diabetes mellitus. Método: estudo pragmático com 63 participantes, alocados em dois grupos, denominados G1(n=36) e G2(n=27), em uma unidade de saúde do interior paulista. O suporte telefônico foi oferecido, durante quatro meses, para o G1, por meio de 16 ligações telefônicas com conteúdo educativo, e, para o G2, foram enviadas correspondências por via postal. Resultados: no G1 houve significância estatística na redução dos parâmetros das variáveis glicemia de jejum, pressão arterial sistólica e diastólica. No G2, houve redução discreta de algumas variáveis, mas sem significância estatística. Conclusão: o suporte telefônico foi considerado uma estratégia educativa efetiva para idosos com diabetes mellitus e favoreceu a redução da glicemia de jejum e, em conjunto com outras estratégias, pode agregar valor na redução da hemoglobina glicada (NCT 01972412).

Effects of supportive telephone counseling in the metabolic control of elderly people with diabetes mellitus / Efectos del soporte telefónico en el control metabólico de ancianos con diabetes mellitus / Efeitos do suporte telefônico no controle metabólico de idosos com diabetes mellitus

ABSTRACT Objective: the purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of telephone-based support for the metabolic control of elderly patients with diabetes mellitus. Method: a pragmatic study was conducted in two groups, called G1 (n=36) and G2 (n=27), at a health unit from the countryside of São Paulo state. Patients in G1 group received telephone support over four months, through 16 telephone contacts with educational material; for the G2 group the educational material was mailed. Results: significant differences were found. The G1 group showed a reduction of the parameters of fasting glucose, as well as systolic and diastolic blood pressure. In G2 group a modest reduction was noted in some parameters, with no significant difference. Conclusion: telephone support was effective to deliver patient education to the diabetic elderly, leading to the reduction of fasting blood glucose. This, combined with other strategies, can contribute to reduce glycated hemoglobin (NCT 01972412).

RESUMEN Objetivo: evaluar la efectividad del soporte telefónico en el control metabólico de ancianos con diabetes mellitus. Método: estudio pragmático con 63 participantes, divididos en dos grupos denominados G1(n=36) y G2(n=27), en una unidad de salud del interior paulista. El soporte telefónico fue ofrecido durante cuatro meses para el G1, consistiendo en 16 llamadas telefónicas de contenido educativo, y para el G2, se realizaron envíos por vía postal. Resultados: en el G1 hubo significatividad estadística en la reducción de los parámetros de las variables glucemia en ayunas, presión arterial sistólica y diastólica. En el G2 hubo discreta reducción en algunas variables, pero sin significatividad estadística. Conclusión: el soporte telefónico fue considerado como estrategia educativa efectiva para ancianos con diabetes mellitus y favoreció la reducción de la glucemia en ayunas. En conjunto con otras estrategias, puede agregar valor a la reducción de hemoglobina glicosilada (NCT 01972412).

RESUMO Objetivo: avaliar a efetividade do suporte telefônico no controle metabólico de idosos com diabetes mellitus. Método: estudo pragmático com 63 participantes, alocados em dois grupos, denominados G1(n=36) e G2(n=27), em uma unidade de saúde do interior paulista. O suporte telefônico foi oferecido, durante quatro meses, para o G1, por meio de 16 ligações telefônicas com conteúdo educativo, e, para o G2, foram enviadas correspondências por via postal. Resultados: no G1 houve significância estatística na redução dos parâmetros das variáveis glicemia de jejum, pressão arterial sistólica e diastólica. No G2, houve redução discreta de algumas variáveis, mas sem significância estatística. Conclusão: o suporte telefônico foi considerado uma estratégia educativa efetiva para idosos com diabetes mellitus e favoreceu a redução da glicemia de jejum e, em conjunto com outras estratégias, pode agregar valor na redução da hemoglobina glicada (NCT 01972412).

Contribution of family social support to the metabolic control of people with diabetes mellitus: A randomized controlled clinical trial.

AIM: This randomized controlled clinical trial aimed to evaluate the contribution of family social support to the clinical/metabolic control of people with type 2 diabetes mellitus. BACKGROUND: Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease that requires continuous care in order for individuals to reach glycemic control, the primordial goal of treatment. Family social support is essential to the development of care skills and their maintenance. However, there are few studies that investigate the contribution of family social support to diabetes control. METHODS: The study was developed between June 2011 and May 2013, and included 164 people who were randomized using simple randomization. The intervention group differed from the control group in that it included a family caregiver, who was recognized by the patient as a source of social support. The educational interventions received by people with diabetes mellitus were used as the basis of the education provided through telephone calls to patients' family members and caregivers, and their purpose was to encourage dialogue between the patients and their relatives about the topics related to diabetes. RESULTS: Regarding the clinical impact, the results showed that there was a greater reduction in blood pressure and glycated hemoglobin in the intervention group than in the control group, showing a positive effect on the control of the disease. CONCLUSIONS: Families should be incorporated into the care of people with diabetes mellitus and especially in health care programs, in particular those that can promote different forms of social support to strengthen the bond between family members.

Adaptation and validation of the Diabetes Management Self-Efficacy Scale to Brazilian Portuguese.

OBJECTIVE:: to perform the cultural adaptation and validation of the Diabetes Management Self-efficacy Scale for Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus with a Brazilian population sample. METHOD:: cross-sectional methodological study in which the adaptation and validation process included the stages recommended in the literature. Construct validity and reliability were assessed with 200 adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus. RESULTS:: the items indicated by the panel of judges and by the target population were adjusted in the cultural adaptation to improve clarity and understanding. The instrument's four factors remained in the confirmatory factor analysis with factor loadings of items greater than 0.30, except for factor 4; convergent validity, verified by the multitrait-multimethod analysis, presented inter-item correlations from 0.37 to 0.92, while for discriminant validity, 100% of the items presented greater correlation in their own factors. Cronbach's coefficient alpha for the total scale was 0.78, ranging from 0.57 to 0.86 among factors. CONCLUSION:: semantic, cultural, conceptual and idiomatic equivalences were achieved and the instrument's Brazilian version also presented psychometric properties that showed evidence of reliability and validity. Thus, it can be applied both in clinical practice and research. Self-efficacy is useful for planning and assessing educational interventions, as well as predicting behavior modification in self-care.

Educational interventions for knowledge on the disease, treatment adherence and control of diabetes mellitus.

OBJECTIVE: to assess the effect of educational interventions for knowledge on the disease, medication treatment adherence and glycemic control of diabetes mellitus patients. METHOD: evaluation research with "before and after" design, developed in a sample of 82 type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. To collect the data, the Brazilian version of the Diabetes Knowledge Scale (DKN-A), the Measure of Adherence to Treatments and the electronic system at the place of study were used. The data were collected before and after the end of the educational interventions. The educational activities were developed within 12 months, mediated by the Diabetes Conversation Maps, using the Cognitive Social Theory to conduct the interventions. RESULTS: the knowledge on the disease (p<0.001), the medication treatment (oral antidiabetics) (p=0.0318) and the glycated hemoglobin rates (p=0.0321) improved significantly. CONCLUSION: the educational interventions seem to have positively contributed to the participants' knowledge about diabetes mellitus, the medication treatment adherence and the glycated hemoglobin rates.

Confirmatory factor analysis of the Appraisal of Self-Care Agency Scale - Revised.

Objective: to analyze the factor structure of the Appraisal of Self-Care Agency Scale-Revised (ASAS-R), adapted for Brazil. Method: methodological study conducted with 150 individuals with diabetes mellitus cared for by the Family Health Strategy, most of whom are elderly with low educational levels. The test of the hypothesis concerning the confirmatory factor composition of the ASAS-R was performed using latent variables structural equations. Results: the model's goodness-of-fit indexes were satisfactory (χ2 = 259.19; χ2/g.l = 2.97, p < 0.001; GFI = 0.85; RMR = 0.07; RMSEA = 0.09); the factor loads were greater than 0.40; and most item-to-factor-correlations presented moderate to strong magnitude (0.34 to 0.58); total alpha value was 0.74, while the alpha of the three factors were 0.69, 0.38 and 0.69, respectively. Conclusion: the scale's factor structure presented satisfactory validity and reliability results, with the exception of one factor. Application of this scale to samples of the general population is desirable in order to strengthen analyses of internal consistency and the dimensionality of the factor structure. This study is expected to contribute to further studies addressing the self-care agency construct and the development of the ASAS-R.

Clinical Validation of the Indicators and Definitions of the Nursing Outcome "Tissue Integrity: Skin and Mucous Membranes" in People With Diabetes Mellitus.

PURPOSE: The study aimed to validate clinically the indicators of the nursing outcome "Tissue Integrity: Skin and Mucous Membranes" and its conceptual and operational definitions in people with diabetes mellitus. METHODS: A methodological study was conducted with an evaluation of 100 participants for two pairs: one of these pairs used the indicators without the definitions and the other used the indicators with their definitions. FINDINGS: The pair who used the definitions presented greater concordance and similarity in the ratings. CONCLUSIONS: The indicators and their definitions have been validated clinically. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING PRACTICE: The use of indicators with definitions can contribute to reliable and accurate evaluation of the tissue integrity of the feet in people with diabetes mellitus and, thus, assist in the measurement of the effectiveness of the nursing care provided. OBJETIVO: Validar clinicamente os indicadores do resultado de enfermagem "Integridade Tissular: pele e mucosas" e suas definições conceituais e operacionais em pessoas com diabetes mellitus. MÉTODOS: Estudo metodológico que consistiu na avaliação de 100 participantes por duas duplas de avaliadores: uma dupla utilizou os indicadores sem as definições e, a outra dupla, os indicadores com suas definições. RESULTADOS: A dupla que utilizou as definições apresentou maior concordância e similaridade nas avaliações. CONCLUSÃO: Os indicadores e suas definições foram validados clinicamente. IMPLICAÇÕES PARA A PRÁTICA DE ENFERMAGEM: A utilização de indicadores com suas respectivas definições pode contribuir para a avaliação confiável e precisa da integridade tissular dos pés de pessoas com diabetes mellitus e, assim, auxiliar na mensuração da eficácia da assistência de enfermagem.

Educational interventions for knowledge on the disease, treatment adherence and control of diabetes mellitus / Intervenciones educativas para el conocimiento de la enfermedad, adhesión al tratamiento y control de la diabetes mellitus / Intervenções educativas para o conhecimento da doença, adesão ao tratamento e controle do diabetes mellitus

Abstract Objective: to assess the effect of educational interventions for knowledge on the disease, medication treatment adherence and glycemic control of diabetes mellitus patients. Method: evaluation research with "before and after" design, developed in a sample of 82 type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. To collect the data, the Brazilian version of the Diabetes Knowledge Scale (DKN-A), the Measure of Adherence to Treatments and the electronic system at the place of study were used. The data were collected before and after the end of the educational interventions. The educational activities were developed within 12 months, mediated by the Diabetes Conversation Maps, using the Cognitive Social Theory to conduct the interventions. Results: the knowledge on the disease (p<0.001), the medication treatment (oral antidiabetics) (p=0.0318) and the glycated hemoglobin rates (p=0.0321) improved significantly. Conclusion: the educational interventions seem to have positively contributed to the participants' knowledge about diabetes mellitus, the medication treatment adherence and the glycated hemoglobin rates.

Resumen Objetivo: evaluar el efecto de intervenciones educativas para el conocimiento de la enfermedad, adhesión al tratamiento medicamentoso y control glucémico de las personas con diabetes mellitus. Método: investigación de evaluación, del tipo "antes y después" desarrollado en muestra de 82 personas con diabetes mellitus tipo 2. Los datos fueron obtenidos por medio de los instrumentos Versión Brasileña de la Diabetes Knowledge Scale DKN-A, Medida de Adhesión a los Tratamientos y por el sistema electrónico del local del estudio, recolectados antes y después del término de las intervenciones educativas. Las actividades educativas fueron desarrolladas durante un período de 12 meses, utilizando los Mapas de Conversación en Diabetes y la Teoría Social Cognitiva para la conducción de las intervenciones. Resultados: existió mejoría significativa del conocimiento de la enfermedad (p<0,001), de la adhesión al tratamiento medicamentoso (antidiabéticos orales) (p=0,0318) y de las tasas de hemoglobina glucosilada (p=0,0321). Conclusión: las intervenciones educativas parecen haber contribuido positivamente para el conocimiento sobre la diabetes mellitus, adhesión al tratamiento medicamentoso y en las tasas de hemoglobina glucosilada de los participantes.

Resumo Objetivo: avaliar o efeito de intervenções educativas para o conhecimento da doença, adesão ao tratamento medicamentoso e controle glicêmico das pessoas com diabetes mellitus. Método: pesquisa de avaliação, do tipo "antes e depois" desenvolvido em amostra de 82 pessoas com diabetes mellitus tipo 2. Os dados foram obtidos por meio dos instrumentos Versão Brasileira da Diabetes Knowledge Scale (DKN-A), Medida de Adesão aos Tratamentos e pelo sistema eletrônico do local do estudo, coletados antes e após o término das intervenções educativas. As atividades educativas foram desenvolvidas em um período de 12 meses, mediadas pelos Mapas de Conversação em Diabetes, utilizando-se da Teoria Social Cognitiva para a condução das intervenções. Resultados: existiu melhora significativa do conhecimento da doença (p<0,001), adesão ao tratamento medicamentoso (antidiabéticos orais) (p=0,0318) e nas taxas de hemoglobina glicada (p=0,0321). Conclusão: as intervenções educativas parecem ter contribuído positivamente no conhecimento sobre o diabetes mellitus, adesão ao tratamento medicamentoso e nas taxas de hemoglobina glicada dos participantes.

Confirmatory factor analysis of the Appraisal of Self-Care Agency Scale - Revised / Análise fatorial confirmatória da escala Appraisal of Self Care Agency Scale - Revised / Análisis factorial confirmatorio de la escala Appraisal of Self Care Agency Scale - Revised

ABSTRACT Objective: to analyze the factor structure of the Appraisal of Self-Care Agency Scale-Revised (ASAS-R), adapted for Brazil. Method: methodological study conducted with 150 individuals with diabetes mellitus cared for by the Family Health Strategy, most of whom are elderly with low educational levels. The test of the hypothesis concerning the confirmatory factor composition of the ASAS-R was performed using latent variables structural equations. Results: the model’s goodness-of-fit indexes were satisfactory (χ2 = 259.19; χ2/g.l = 2.97, p < 0.001; GFI = 0.85; RMR = 0.07; RMSEA = 0.09); the factor loads were greater than 0.40; and most item-to-factor-correlations presented moderate to strong magnitude (0.34 to 0.58); total alpha value was 0.74, while the alpha of the three factors were 0.69, 0.38 and 0.69, respectively. Conclusion: the scale’s factor structure presented satisfactory validity and reliability results, with the exception of one factor. Application of this scale to samples of the general population is desirable in order to strengthen analyses of internal consistency and the dimensionality of the factor structure. This study is expected to contribute to further studies addressing the self-care agency construct and the development of the ASAS-R.

RESUMO Objetivo: analisar a estrutura fatorial da escala de avaliação da capacidade de autocuidado, Appraisal of Self Care Agency Scale-Revised (ASAS-R), adaptada no Brasil. Método: estudo metodológico conduzido em 150 usuários com diabetes mellitus, maioria idosos e com baixa escolaridade, em seguimento na Estratégia Saúde da Família. O teste de hipótese da composição fatorial confirmatória da escala ASAS-R foi realizado via modelo de equações estruturais para variáveis latentes. Resultados: os valores dos índices de ajuste do modelo foram satisfatórios (χ2 de 259,19; χ2/g.l de 2,97, p < 0,001; GFI = 0,85; RMR = 0,07; RMSEA = 0,09), as cargas fatoriais foram superiores a 0,40, maioria das correlações item e fator foi de moderada a forte magnitude (0,34 a 0,58) e os valores de alfa total de 0,74 e dos três fatores de 0,69, 0,38 e 0,69, respectivamente. Conclusão: estrutura fatorial da escala com resultados satisfatórios de validade e de confiabilidade, exceto um de seus fatores. É desejável que essa Escala seja aplicada em amostras da população geral, para fortalecer as análises de consistência interna e de dimensionalidade da estrutura fatorial, e espera-se que este estudo possa contribuir no avanço de outras pesquisas que trabalham com o construto de capacidade de autocuidado e no desenvolvimento da Escala ASAS-R.

RESUMEN Objetivo: analizar la estructura factorial de la escala de evaluación de la capacidad de autocuidado, Appraisal of Self Care Agency Scale-Revised (ASAS-R), adaptada en Brasil. Método: estudio metodológico conducido en 150 usuarios con diabetes mellitus, mayoría de ancianos y con baja escolaridad, acompañados por la Estrategia Salud de la Familia. El test de hipótesis de la composición factorial confirmatoria de la escala ASAS-R fue realizado por medio del modelo de ecuaciones estructurales para variables latentes. Resultados: los valores de los índices de ajuste del modelo fueron satisfactorios (χ2 de 259,19; χ2/g.l de 2,97, p < 0,001; GFI = 0,85; RMR = 0,07; RMSEA = 0,09), las cargas factoriales fueron superiores a 0,40, la mayoría de las correlaciones ítem y factor varió de moderada a fuerte magnitud (0,34 la 0,58); valores de alfa total de 0,74 y de los tres factores de 0,69, 0,38 y 0,69, respectivamente. Conclusión: la estructura factorial de la escala obtuvo resultados satisfactorios de validez y de confiabilidad, excepto uno de sus factores. Es deseable que esa escala sea aplicada en muestras de la población general, para fortalecer los análisis de consistencia interna y de dimensionalidad de la estructura factorial; y se espera que este estudio pueda contribuir para avanzar en nuevas investigaciones que vengan a trabajar con el constructo de capacidad de autocuidado y con el desarrollo de la escala ASAS-R.

Adaptation and validation of the Diabetes Management Self-Efficacy Scale to Brazilian Portuguese / Adaptação e validação da Diabetes Management Self-efficacy Scale para a língua portuguesa do Brasil / Adaptación y validación de la Diabetes Management Self-efficacy Scale para el idioma portugués de Brasil

Objective: to perform the cultural adaptation and validation of the Diabetes Management Self-efficacy Scale for Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus with a Brazilian population sample. Method: cross-sectional methodological study in which the adaptation and validation process included the stages recommended in the literature. Construct validity and reliability were assessed with 200 adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Results: the items indicated by the panel of judges and by the target population were adjusted in the cultural adaptation to improve clarity and understanding. The instrument's four factors remained in the confirmatory factor analysis with factor loadings of items greater than 0.30, except for factor 4; convergent validity, verified by the multitrait-multimethod analysis, presented inter-item correlations from 0.37 to 0.92, while for discriminant validity, 100% of the items presented greater correlation in their own factors. Cronbach's coefficient alpha for the total scale was 0.78, ranging from 0.57 to 0.86 among factors. Conclusion: semantic, cultural, conceptual and idiomatic equivalences were achieved and the instrument's Brazilian version also presented psychometric properties that showed evidence of reliability and validity. Thus, it can be applied both in clinical practice and research. Self-efficacy is useful for planning and assessing educational interventions, as well as predicting behavior modification in self-care.

Objetivo: realizar a adaptação cultural e validação da Diabetes Management Self-efficacy Scale for Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus para uma amostra populacional brasileira. Método: estudo metodológico transversal, cujo processo de adaptação e validação incluiu as etapas preconizadas pela literatura. A validade de construto e a confiabilidade foram avaliadas em 200 adultos com diabetes mellitus tipo 2. Resultados: na adaptação cultural, foram ajustados itens indicados pelo Comitê de Juízes e pela população alvo, para maior clareza e compreensão. Na análise fatorial confirmatória manteve-se os quatro fatores, com cargas fatoriais dos itens superiores a 0,30, exceto para o fator 4; a análise multitraço-multimétodo mostrou para a validade convergente, correlações inter-itens de 0,37 a 0,92, e para a discriminante, que 100% dos itens obtiveram maior valor de correlação em seu próprio fator. O coeficiente alfa de Cronbach para a escala total foi de 0,78, com variação de 0,57 a 0,86 entre os fatores. Conclusão: as equivalências semântica, cultural, conceitual e idiomática foram mantidas, e as propriedades psicométricas mostraram evidências de confiabilidade e de validade da versão brasileira do instrumento, portanto, poderá ter aplicação clínica e em pesquisas. A autoeficácia é útil para planejar e avaliar intervenções educativas e predizer mudanças comportamentais para o cuidado.

Objetivo: realizar la adaptación cultural y validación de la Diabetes Management Self-efficacy Scale for Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus en una muestra poblacional brasileña. Método: estudio metodológico transversal, cuyo proceso de adaptación y validación incluyó las etapas preconizadas por la literatura. La validez de constructo y la confiabilidad fueron evaluadas en 200 adultos con diabetes mellitus tipo 2. Resultados: para mayor clareza y comprensión, en la adaptación cultural fueron ajustados los ítems indicados por el Comité de Jueces y por la población objetivo. En el análisis factorial confirmatorio se mantuvieron los cuatro factores, con cargas factoriales de los ítems superiores a 0,30, excepto para el factor 4; el análisis multirrasgo y multimétodo mostró para la validez convergente, correlaciones entre ítems de 0,37 a 0,92, y en el caso del discriminante que 100% de los ítems obtuvieron mayor valor de correlación en su propio factor. El coeficiente alfa de Cronbach para la escala total fue de 0,78, con variación de 0,57 a 0,86 entre los factores. Conclusión: las equivalencias semántica, cultural, conceptual e idiomática fueron mantenidas; las propiedades psicométricas mostraron evidencias de confiabilidad y de validez en la versión brasileña del instrumento; por tanto, la adaptación podrá tener aplicación en la clínica e investigaciones. La autoeficacia es útil para planificar y evaluar intervenciones educativas y predecir cambios comportamentales para el cuidado.

Adherence to diabetes mellitus care at three levels of health care / La adhesión a la atención en la diabetes mellitus en tres niveles de atención de la salud / Adesão ao cuidado em diabetes mellitus nos três níveis de atenção à saúde

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate adherence to self-care among people with diabetes mellitus cared for at the three levels of health care. Method: Quantitative, descriptive, cross-sectional study addressing a sample of 143 people from a city in the interior of São Paulo, Brazil from primary (45), secondary (48) and tertiary (50) units. Adherence to self-care was assessed using the "The Summary of Diabetes Self-Care Activities Measure" and "Measurement of Treatment Adherence". Results: Adherence to exercises, blood glucose monitoring, shoe inspection, and the use of insulin differed between units; better results were obtained for those in tertiary care. Conclusion: The results indicate a need for greater investment in the initial phase of treatment to improve self-care adherence. Implications for practice: The study enabled identifying the profile of individuals in terms of self-care adherence and supporting the planning of nursing interventions in diabetes mellitus.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Evaluar la adherencia al cuidado de personas con diabetes mellitus asistidas en tres niveles de atención a la salud. Método: Estudio cuantitativo, descriptivo, transversal, muestra de 143 personas de un municipio de São Paulo, provenientes de unidad atención primaria (45), secundaria (48) y terciaria (50). Se evaluó la adherencia utilizando el "Cuestionario de Actividades de Autocuidado con la Diabetes" y la "Prueba de Medición de Adherencia al Tratamiento". Resultados: La adherencia a la actividad física, monitoreo de la glucosa capilar, inspección del calzado y uso de insulina difirieron entre las unidades; mejores resultados en la atención terciaria. Conclusión: Se necesita una mayor inversión en el tratamiento precoz para mejorar la adherencia a los cuidados personales. Implicaciones para la práctica: Fue posible identificar el perfil de la adhesión al cuidado a la enfermedad, y subsidiar la planificación de las intervenciones de enfermería en la atención en diabetes mellitus.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar a adesão ao cuidado à doença em pessoas com diabetes mellitus, atendidas nos três níveis de atenção à saúde. Método: Estudo quantitativo, descritivo, transversal, em amostra de 143 pessoas de um município do interior paulista, provenientes das unidades de atenção primária (45), secundária (48) e terciária (50). A adesão ao cuidado foi avaliada por meio do "Questionário de Atividades de Autocuidado com o Diabetes" e o "Teste de Medida da Adesão ao Tratamento". Resultados: A adesão para a atividade física, monitorização da glicemia capilar, inspeção dos calçados e uso de insulina diferiu entre as unidades, com melhores resultados na atenção terciária. Conclusão: Os resultados indicam a necessidade de maiores investimentos na fase inicial do tratamento para melhorar a adesão. Implicações para a prática: O estudo possibilitou identificar o perfil da adesão ao cuidado à doença e subsidiar o planejamento das intervenções de enfermagem, na atenção em diabetes mellitus.

Baseline characteristics and risk factors for ulcer, amputation and severe neuropathy in diabetic foot at risk: the BRAZUPA study.

BACKGROUND: Studies on diabetic foot and its complications involving a significant and representative sample of patients in South American countries are scarce. The main objective of this study was to acquire clinical and epidemiological data on a large cohort of diabetic patients from 19 centers from Brazil and focus on factors that could be associated with the risk of ulcer and amputation. METHODS: This study presents cross sectional, baseline results of the BRAZUPA Study. A total of 1455 patients were included. Parameters recorded included age, gender, ethnicity, diabetes and comorbidity-related records, previous ulcer or amputation, clinical symptomatic score, foot classification and microvascular complications. RESULTS: Patients with ulcer had longer disease duration (17.2 ± 9.9 vs. 13.2 ± 9.4 years; p < 0.001), and poorer glycemic control (HbA1c 9.23 ± 2.03 vs. 8.35 ± 1.99; p < 0.001). Independent risk factors for ulcer were male gender (OR 1.71; 95 % CI 1.2-3.7), smoking (OR 1.78; 95 % CI 1.09-2.89), neuroischemic foot (OR 20.34; 95 % CI 9.31-44.38), region of origin (higher risk for those from developed regions, OR 2.39; 95 % CI 1.47-3.87), presence of retinopathy (OR 1.68; 95 % CI 1.08-2.62) and absence of vibratory sensation (OR 7.95; 95 % CI 4.65-13.59). Risk factors for amputation were male gender (OR 2.12; 95 % CI 1.2-3.73), type 2 diabetes (OR 3.33; 95 % CI 1.01-11.1), foot at risk classification (higher risk for ischemic foot, OR 19.63; 95 % CI 3.43-112.5), hypertension (lower risk, OR 0.3; 95 % CI 0.14-0.63), region of origin (South/Southeast, OR 2.2; 95 % CI 1.1-4.42), previous history of ulcer (OR 9.66; 95 % CI 4.67-19.98) and altered vibratory sensation (OR 3.46; 95 % CI 1.64-7.33). There was no association between either outcome and ethnicity. CONCLUSIONS: Ulcer and amputation rates were high. Age at presentation was low and patients with ulcer presented a higher prevalence of neuropathy compared to ischemic foot at risk. Ischemic disease was more associated with amputations. Ethnical differences were not of great importance in a miscegenated population.